Allen, V. (2005, June 30). Army recruits shortfall blamed on Iraq war critics. The Boston Globe on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Atkin, C. (1983). Effects of realistic TV violence vs. fictional violence on aggression.Journalism Quarterly, 60, 615–621.

Baum, M. A. (2003). Soft news goes to war: Public opinion and foreign policy in the new media age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Burgoon, M., Cohen, M., Miller, M.D. & Montgomery, C.L. (1978). An empirical test of a model of resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 5, 27-39.

Beasley, B., & Standley, T. C. (2002). Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games. Mass Communication & Society, 5(3), 279-293.

Drew, D. G., & Reeves, B. B. (1980). Children and television news. Journalism Quarterly,57, 45-54.

Geen, R. G. (1975). The meaning of observed violence: Real vs. fictional violence and consequent effects on aggression and emotional arousal. Journal of Research in Personality, 9, 270–281.

Gemelli R (1996). Normal child and adolescent development. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 173-199.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. In J. Bryant and D. Zillman (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 17-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication & Society, 1(3/4), 175-194.

Goodman, B., & Dretzin, R. (Producers). (2001, February 27). The merchants of cool [Television broadcast]. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation.

Hawkins, R., & Pingree, S. (1981). Uniform messages and habitual viewing: Unnecessary assumptions in social reality effects. Human Communication Research, 7(4), 291-301.

Horowits, E. M., Haigh, M. M., Wanstrom, J., & Ivanov, K. (2005). Rockin' the teenage vote: A real-life civic experiment in Baltimore, MD and its effects on the political socialization of 16- and 17-year old voters. Paper presented to the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL.

Klein, R. (2005, June 16). Pressure growing to plan Iraq exit: Bipartisan group pushes resolution. The Boston Globe on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Kornblum, J. (2006, January 9). Teens hang out at MySpace. USA Today on the web. Retrieved February 21, 2006, from here.

Kurtz, H. (1999, January 27). Millions get their updates from TV comics. Washington Post.

Legree, P. J., Gade, P. A., Martin, D. E., Fischl, M.A., Wilson, M. J., Nieva, V. F., McCloy, R., & Laurence, J. (2000). Military enlistment and family dynamics: Youth and parental perspectives. Military Psychology, 12(1), 31-49.

Lubbers, M., & Scheepers, P. (2000). Exposure to newspapers and attitudes toward ethnic minorities: A longitudinal analysis. The Howard Journal of Communications, 11, 127-143.

Lumpkin, J. (2005, July 11). Army Guard misses recruiting goal again: Cornerstone of military effort in Iraq comes up short for 9th straight month. MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Mazzetti, M. (2005, March 17). Recruiting goals are in harm’s way. Political News on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2005, from here.

McDevitt, M­., & Chaffee, S­. (2002). From top-down to trickle-up influence: Revisiting assumptions about the family in political socialization. Political Communication, 19(3), 281–301.

McDevitt, M. & Chaffee, S.H. (2002b). The family in a sequence of political activation: Why civic interventions can succeed. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 4 no. 1,

Meadowcroft, J. M. (1986). Family communication patterns and political development: The child's role. Communication Research, 13, 603–624.

Miklaszewski, J. (2005, May 10). Army, Marines miss recruiting goals again: More cash and appeals to parents, patriotism haven’t reversed trend. MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Milburn, J. (2004, November 26). Army uses sporting events to boost recruiting NASCAR, rodeo favorites of military recruiting strategy. MSNBC.com. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Military Casualty Information (2006, February 18). Directorate for information operations and reports. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Moniz, D. (2004, November 24). Army Guard misses recruiting goal. USA Today on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Moniz, D. (2005, January 23). Recruits swamp Navy, Air Force. USA Today on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Moore, E. S., Wilkie, B. L., & Lutz, R. J. (2002). Passing the torch: Intergenerational influences as a source of brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 66, 17-37.

Moore, S. W., Lare, J., & Wagner, K. A. (1985). The child’s political world: A longitudinal perspective. New York: Praeger.

Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (1997). Two decades of cultivation research: An appraisal and meta-analysis. Communication Yearbook, 20, 1-45.

Moy, P., Pfau, M., & Kahlor, L. (1999). Media use and public confidence in democratic institutions. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(2), 137-158.

Pew Research Center. (2004, June 8). Online news audience larger, more diverse: News audiences increasingly politicized. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Potter, W. J. (1986). Perceived reality and the cultivation hypothesis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30(2), 159–174.

Roberts, D. F, Foehr, U. G., & Rideout, V. (2005, March). Generation M: Media in the lives of 8-18 year olds. A Kaiser Family Foundation Study. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Schmitt, E. (2004, October 1). Its recruitment goals pressing, the Army will ease some standards. The New York Times on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

Shanahan, J. & Morgan, M. (1999). Television and its viewers. Cultivation theory and research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., & Yoon, S. (2001). Communication, context, and community: An exploration of print, broadcast, and Internet influences. Communication Research, 28(4), 464-506.

Shrum, L. J. (2001). Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect. Human Communication Research, 27, 94–120.

Soriano, C. G., & Oldenburg, A. (2005, February 7). With America at war, Hollywood follows. USA Today on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from here.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2006, January 4). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from here.

Van Mierlo, J., & Van den Bulck, J. (2003). Benchmarking the cultivation approach to video game effects: A comparison of the correlates of TV viewing and game play. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 97-111.

Woodbury, J. (2006, January 26) New study shows thirty-five percent of American parents play video games. Entertainment Software Association. Retrieved February 18, 2006, from here.

Zelizer, B. (2004). Taking journalism seriously: News and the academy. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

BACK TO TOP