Neil Towers, a much respected scientist and Professor at the University of British Columbia, passed away on November 15th, 2004 in Vancouver. He was 81. Predeceased by mother Kathleen and brother Desmond, Neil will be lovingly remembered and sadly missed by his wife Elizabeth and his eight children. He will be greatly missed by colleagues, students, and friends at the University of British Columbia (Botany Department) and around the world.

UBC Emeritus Professor of Botany Neil Towers was well known nationally and internationally for his outstanding record of pioneering and sustained research in botany and phytochemistry.

He was born in Bombay, India and grew up in Burma, where his interest in the natural world began. He often spoke of his childhood spent collecting poisonous snakes and other curiosities in the forests near his home.

After time in the Royal Indian Navy Volunteer Reserve, and a stint as a liaison officer in Bath, England, he was awarded an Ajax scholarship to study in Canada. He obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from McGill University, and his Ph.D. in 1954 from Cornell University. After academic appointments at McGill and the NRC in Halifax, he was recruited to UBC, where he served as Head of the Department of Botany from 1964-71, a period of great expansion of the Department. After 1971, he devoted his full energies to his successful career in research and teaching, which he continued as an emeritus faculty member from 1989 until his death.

Neil was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, from whom he received the Flavelle Medal in 1986. He received numerous research awards and prizes over his career. Most recently, he was awarded the Pergamon Phytochemistry Prize in 2000, and in 2001 was recognized by ISI as one of UBC's (and the world's) most highly cited scientists. He published more than 425 papers and book chapters, starting with a 1953 paper in Nature.

Neil was charming, funny and an excellent raconteur. Lab parties at his Vancouver home often ended late at night, with the room cleared to make space for dancing to his favorite Django Reinhardt and latin music. He had an open door policy, and always welcomed office visits by students or whoever was interested in talking about plants and chemistry. He traveled extensively to collect plants worldwide, mainly in the tropics, and he returned from a trip to Peru only this last summer. Many in the Botany Department at UBC will remember the photos and artifacts from his travels that decorated his office.

Neil loved what is now called biodiversity: the shapes and colours of plants and insects, and the variations of chemical structures found in nature. His fields of study included medicinal phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, photobiology, chemical ecology relating to plants, fungi and insects, and biotechnology of plant cell and tissue cultures. He conducted important early studies on phenolic metabolism in plants, and on the interaction of light with phytochemicals to produce toxicity. His lab investigated the chemistry and antibiotic activity of many plants native to British Columbia, including those used in traditional medicine.

Neil was also a great teacher of young scientists in Canada and elsewhere, and many of his graduate students and postdoctoral workers went on to establish their own labs. Perhaps his greatest contribution to science was through this role as mentor. A student in his lab couldn't walk by his office door without being called in to discuss a new paper or a new idea. It is through his infectious enthusiasm for science and the natural world that the spirit of Neil Towers lives on.

A memorial event will be held in the afternoon of Thursday December 16th at the UBC Botanical Gardens.

Donations may be made to: The George Hugh Neil Towers Memorial Fund, Awards Services, UBC Development Office, 6253 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, 604-822-8920.

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO BE WHEN YOU GROW UP, DAD?

From: G.H. Neil Towers. 2001.

Some Memories of a Budding Scientist in North America (1946-1965) PSNA News, October 2001, p. 3-5.

I grew up in Myanmar (formerly Burma) when it was a British colony. My parents sent me to boarding schools around the country run by Christian brothers who sadly lacked an interest in the natural sciences, particularly natural history. Living and traveling as a schoolboy in perhaps one of the most beautiful tropical countries on this planet, I developed a craze for natural history. I collected snakes, beetles, butterflies, dissected animals for parasites and tried to identify plants from books. It was a happy boyhood. On reflection I think I was lucky not to have lived in our computer and television age. I did not see a television program until I was about twenty two! I spent all of my holiday time escaping prayers and wandering through the enchanting countryside exploring nature. I was spellbound by the travels, adventures and ideas of Darwin, Wallace, Bates and many other famous explorers. That is exactly what I wanted to be. World War II intervened.

I came to Canada on a scholarship for ex-naval officers at the end of the war. I had many adventures during the war, quite a number of which would have been called unforced errors of life were they to be compared to a game of tennis! Having escaped from the Japanese and winding up in England and then Canada, my life changed and I was suddenly plunged into the cloisters of academia. My sunny days of adventure were over - perhaps forever.

I was saddened to find that there were very few enthusiastic natural historians in this new life in a university. My fellow undergraduates in fact never seemed to have had time to talk about the excitement of biology they were so busy cramming for exams. I found out also that the world appeared to have been already explored by my arrogant zoology instructors and there was little new to discover other than to climb very tall moun- tain peaks or dive deep under the sea. I was an Honours Zoology student at McGill University in Montr,al at the time and was advised by zoologists that the secrets of the animal world really lay in the realm of statistics! Even genetics was all statistics according to them.

Botanists, in contrast, were fascinated by apparent trivia: they were excited by the shapes of leaves, the hairiness of plant structures (for which there are many unpronounceable names) the geometry of flowers and a phenomenon called 2N versus N. However these botanists seemed to love what they were doing and I was encouraged to join their ranks. They actually worked with their microscopes in the evenings. They suggested to me that the inner workings of plants e.g. how sugars are manufactured from a gas in light was irrelevant and for Heaven's sake don't spoil things by dragging chemistry into the picture in order to understand how a plant lives. Of course, electron microscopy, the role of nucleic acids, the nature of enzymes etc. were not even dreamed of at that time. Professor R. D. Gibbs, a feisty botanist at McGill, kindled my interest in plant chemistry. He was con- sidered a crank by other botanists as I found out later because he was fascinated by the chemical relationships between plants. In fact he was a chemotaxonomist at a time when chemists did not know the meaning of the word taxonomy and a botanist might have been embarrassed if accused of understanding anything about chemistry.

Here was a botanist who actually knew some phytochemistry and, Good Lord, this chap could actually draw chemical structures! We became good friends and I obtained an M.Sc. under his supervision. The research involved the chemotaxonomy of plant lignins and was published in Nature. Perhaps I was the first person at McGill to use the new technique of paper chromatography. Certainly, the chemists and biochemists at McGill seemed to be as yet unfamiliar with the use of this technology. Later on during a sabbatical leave with the enzymologist D.D. Davis at the University of East Anglia, I used to drink beer every afternoon with Dick Synge, one of the discoverers of paper chromatography, a Nobel Laureate, a seasoned beer drinker, and a very dangerous cyclist (after drinking of course). Curiously Gibbs suggested that paper chromatography would never work and that I should use fractional sublimation instead to separate my products of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, namely p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde. Clearly this was not good advice because his total NRC budget for the year was about $115! Gibbs was old fashioned by current standards. It was good for me. It made me more of an independent scientist. When I asked him if he would be kind enough to read a draft of my thesis he was astounded. "I am here to examine you Towers, not to help you. It is your thesis - not mine!" Nowadays, of course, there are many rules in Canadian universities to chaperone graduates in thesis writing so that in the end I feel we sometimes produce the well- known camel instead of the desired racehorse.

I went to Cornell for my Ph.D. studies with Professor F. C. Steward, a distinguished English plant physiologist who boasted that he had never taken a course in botany in his life. Needless to say he thought that he was the founder of botany. He had achieved fame for his work on ion accumulation in plants. His students called him the Golden Bantam because he was small, a fearless fighter, and rather arrogant. He once told me that he regretted the fact that dueling was no longer encouraged as a means of resolving departmental quarrels among faculty. He meant it!

Steward had become interested in the use of paper chromatography for separating and identifying the many unidentified non-protein amino acids in plants. My Ph.D thesis was concerned with designing new methods for the identification of alpha-keto acids in plants. Quite boring actually. It was a wonderful period of study, however, because Steward had attracted extremely knowledgeable postdocs, such as John F. Thompson, and clever graduate students to his lab. He was also a research supervisor who was so busy chasing research dollars that we had complete freedom in our own programs. I think that this is still the case in many universities.

At Cornell I took Botany and Biochemistry and a course on enzymes by J. B. Sumner. After many years of tedious research Sumner had discovered that the fewer steps involved, the better were his yields of the hydrolytic enzyme urease which he was studying in Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean). In fact, he discovered one day that a 32% acetone extract heated to about 60 deg. C, filtered overnight through Whatman paper into a graduate cylinder, and placed in a refrigerator yielded a precipitate which, when examined under a microscope, was found to consist of "octahedral" crystals. The crystals had tremendous urease activity. Repeated analyses showed that it was a protein. This was in 1926. Sumner wrote in his lab notebook about this momentous day: "That night I slept but little". At that time of course the true nature of enzymes was unknown and the leaders in the field, among them the very famous German biochemists, Willstatter and Waldschmidt-Leitz, refused to acknowledge that a 26-year-old American had actually isolated an enzyme and proven that it was nothing more than a protein. His discovery was treated with some ridicule which unfortunately made him rather bitter. Four years later when Northrup crystallized the proteolytic enzymes pepsin and trypsin from animal sources at the Rockefeller Institute and showed that they are also proteins, Sumner's achievement was acknowledged - they shared a Nobel prize. We had the privilege of repeating Sumner's work in our laboratory course and even of recrystallizing urease. Of course, like Sumner, we made the entry "That night I slept but little" in our laboratory notebooks.

I was offered a job as Assistant professor in the Botany Department at McGill and assigned to teach plant anatomy, plant physiology, plant biochemistry and help run introductory botany labs. I inherited an old physics lab which could only be accessed through a men's urinal, a bit of an annoyance to my women graduate students. After four years of working in this "lab" we discovered an open pool of about 40 kg of mercury under the wooden floor. It must have been "lost" by the physicists during their war research years. Also contributing to the poor working conditions were the feral cats that had taken up residence in the dark corners of this medieval set of rooms, occasionally emerging to produce a litter of young kittens on our chromatograms which had to be stored on the floor. The lab was cold and we often had to use gloves and overcoats to stay warm during the winter months. At that time, university startup money for research was unthinkable. Besides, there were tons of microscopes and herbarium sheets lying around. What more could a botanist want? Roy Waygood, the plant physiologist at McGill was most encouraging, allowing me access to his lab equipment and his knowledge of plant physiology and biochemistry.

Among the many wonderful graduate students in my lab was our illustrious PSNA [Phytochemical Society of North America] stalwart Ragai Ibrahim. Seichi Yoshida of Tokyo Metropolitan University also joined me as a postdoc. Later his student, Minamikawa, joined my lab and much later on Minamikawa's student, Etsuo Yamamoto, came to my lab as a postdoc. That's three generations of great Japanese phytochemists! We spent a lot of time making 2D chromatograms of plant extracts, cutting out spots, eluting them, and so on. I remember my eight year old son spending an afternoon in my lab. After watching me for half an hour he asked "What are you going to be when you grow up, Dad?" It seems that in his eyes I have never really grown up.

I was delighted to learn about the Birch and Donovan hypothesis in relation to flavonoids. Instead of being neatly derived (on paper) from two hexoses and a triose according to Geissman and Hinreiner, they now appeared to be derived from a hydroxycinnamate and acetate! We resolved to test this with the dihydro-chalcone glucoside, phloridzin. Alas! We were beaten by Neish's group at the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada in Saskatoon who proved this hypothesis with quercetin, and Grisebach's group in Germany who proved the hypothesis with an anthocyanin. It seems silly now but we were dreadfully disappointed not to have been the first to have proven that Birch and Donovan were right.

I spent a summer at the NRC laboratories in Ottawa with D.C. Mortimer and Paul Gorham, learning radiotracer techniques and carrying out 14C photosynthesis studies. The following summer I spent with Stewart "Coumarin" Brown and Arthur Neish at the NRC laboratory (then called the Prairie Regional Laboratory) in Saskatoon studying coumarin biosynthesis. When I returned to McGill at the end of the summer Ibrahim and I prepared twodirectional chromatograms of the phenolic acids from a range of plants. Sprayed with diazotized nitroaniline or diatized sulfanilic acid they gave a range of beautiful colors. We had a special room set up with these large chromatograms adorning the walls for participants of the IXth Botanical Congress which was held at McGill, the Universit, de Montr,al, and Sir George Williams College (now Concordia University) that year. These chromatograms were works of art and admired by all who visited us.

After enjoying more than nine years at McGill I was invited by Art Neish to head up the Plant Biochemistry section of the NRC's Atlantic Regional Laboratory in Halifax, Nova Scotia to which he had been appointed Director. Neish was considered to be one of the outstanding phytochemists in Canada and I was delighted to join his institute as I had a great admiration for him as a scientist and also because I was jointly appointed as an Associate Professor to Dalhousie University in Halifax where Neish and I taught a course in comparative biochemistry. My graduate students at McGill accompanied me there and had the advantage of working in the well-equipped NRC labs and alongside distinguished Canadian scientists in chemistry (Gavin McInnis) and biochemistry (Leo Vining). We published many papers especially on the biosynthesis of interesting lichen compounds as well as on comparative phenylpropanoid metabolism in lycopods and fungi. We showed clearly that L-tyrosine is metabolized quite differently from L-phenylalanine, especially in vascular plants. Tyrosine is metabolized to acetate and its derivatives when introduced into plant tissues and phenylalanine is the gateway to phenylpropanoid metabolism. We also identified a new cyanogen from Taxus and studied its biosynthesis showing that both the nitrogen and carbon are derived from L-phenylalanine. We discovered psilotin, a glucoside derived from ahydroxycinnamate and one equivalent of acetate, in the primitive ferns Psilotum and Tmesipteris.

I next moved to the University of British Columbia in Vancouver as Head of Biology and Botany, an administrative position which tore me away from thinking time and plunged me into the petty life of administration in a then impoverished Canadian university. After five years, a sabbatical leave in England where I studied enzymes with D.D. Davies at the University of East Anglia, convinced me to resign as Head and settle down again to research and teaching. As most biology students at our universities do not enjoy chemistry my classes were small and were therefore a great pleasure to teach. Many more graduate students and postdocs passed through my research program and it would take many more pages to describe our further achievements in phytochemistry.

BOOK REVIEW: ETHNOBOTANY OF HAIDA GWAII - QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Turner, Nancy J. 2004.

Plants of Haida Gwaii: Xaadaa Gwaay gud gina k'aws (Skidegate) Xaadaa Gwaayee guu giin k'aws (Massett). Sono Nis Press, Winlow, British Columbia, Canada 264 p. ISBN 1-55039-144-5 [hardcover] Price: CDN$38.95

The very recent passing of Neil Towers recalls the importance of ethnobotany in engaging the public in the discipline of Botany.

British Columbia's world-renowned champion ethnobotanist is Nancy Turner. Over almost four decades she has learned patiently the plant wisdom of First Nations elders, and shared that ancient knowledge with the rest of the world through her numerous and popular books. Only now, in her new book, Plants of Haida Gwaii, do we get to share in one volume, a key part of that wisdom, the knowledge she gained during her doctoral work at The University of British Columbia in the 1970's.

The title maybe a bit misleading because the book is not a description of Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) plants, but it is more than just a book about plant uses. it is about the relationship of people to their land and its plants.

Chapter 1: Introduction, recounts the physical, biological and human dimensions of Haida Gwaii, populating the maps with Haida place names. A key aspect is that this chapter and the rest of the book give voice to the Haida people both collectively and individually. For example, in the Preface we see the faces of the knowledge holders and teachers. We are learning from them, and Nancy is our guide.

Chapter 2: The Role of Plants in Haida Culture, develops the theme of people on the land, knowing and sharing the bounty of the land. There are beautifully illustrated and expected discussions of food, medicine, toxic and technology plants. But the chapter goes far beyond what you might read in a conventional ethnobotany. Often using the words of the elders themselves, Nancy addresses topics such as plant resource management, the spiritual and ceremonial aspects of plants and relationships between plants and animals. All of these topics place plant knowledge in the greater totality of Haida Gwaii and Haida culture.

Chapter 3: The Plants, Their Haida names, and Cultural Roles, conforms more to what one might expect in a traditional ethnobotany. It systematically considers all the plants for which there is some cultural connection. The entries are derived from a comprehensive synthesis of historic documents (C.F. Newcombe's field notes for example), Nancy's early learning sessions with elders in the 1970's, knowledge gained during subsequent visits in the 1990's. The entries do not contain botanical plant descriptions; these are well covered in many other of Nancy's books and botanical publications and guides of the last decade and a half. Instead they focus on names, places and comprehensive accounts of the role of the species in the story and lives of the Haida. The descriptions include some very fine photographs taken by Nancy and her husband Robert D. Turner, and here and there illustrations by Giitsxaa (Ron Wilson). I am particularly struck by the ferocious-looking Devil's Club Man (p. 154). Certain spots on my hand begin to twinge with pain!!

In part, the entries in Chapter 3 repeat the general accounts in several of Nancy's earlier books. But they also contain marvelous Haida narratives that add a new dimension to our understanding of the teachings of the elders. The chapter includes accounts of more than 150 types of plants many, with a page or more of information and stories. The entry about the controversial history of tobacco is fascinating. Haida names and words are widely used throughout the text, as they should be, for these are the real words of the land and people. Unfortunately the small section on how to pronounce them is inadequate to get a sense of what the sounds of the words might be. Perhaps some day a CD could be made with proper pronunciations so we can not only see, but hear the knowledge too.

Most ethnobotanies are about the past, but his one ends with an epilogue by K"ii7lljuus (Barbara Wilson) of Haida Gwaii about the future. Beaver, deer, exotic sea-grasses threaten the future of key native plants and indeed ecosystems. The questions: How can the future of culturally important native species be ensured? How can the wisdom of the elders continue as the plants are lost? These are questions facing not only Haida Gwaii but all of us.

For those who are followers of Nancy Turner's work, this is a must-have publication. For those who are interested in Haida Gwaii or ethnobotany in general, this too is a must-have publication. For those of us concerned about our environment and the future of people on the land and native ecosystems and species, this is at least a must-read book from one of our own most popular botanical writers.

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